| WAYS OF COPING | BEHAVIOUR (action taken) |
| Approach versus Avoidance | Move towards and interact with the problem versus walking away. |
| Social versus Solitary | Working with others. |
| Proactive versus Reactive | Prevent a problem before it occurs. |
| Direct versus Indirect | Taking action oneself rather than enlisting someone else. |
| Control versus Escape | Take charge versus steering clear. |
| Alloplastic versus Autoplastic | Changing the problem versus changing oneself. |
| Problem Focused version Emotion Focused | Manage the problem causing stress rather than regulating one’s emotional response. |
mastery motivation orientation
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helpless motivation orientation
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